Skip to Main Content
Contact Libraries    

Standards and Guidelines: Harvard Style - References

Status Note

April 2024. Adding clarification about the use of page numbers in the reading instructions. Page numbers are not used where a full chapter is referred to. Use only chapter number or number and name (if available).

Harvard Style References - Essential

  • Only use the TAFE NSW referencing guide only to create the reading  references.
  • Add instructions that the academic has provided to students on chapters or pages to read which are not a normal part of the reference in brackets at the end of the reference.
  • The linkable element of the reference is to the end of the first title element eg: 
  • Abidin, C 2021, ‘Mapping Internet celebrity on TikTok: exploring attention economies and visibility labours’, Cultural Science Journal, vol. 12, no. 1, doi:10.5334/csci.140
  • For very long lists of authors or very long titles that won't fit into the linkable title field, stop after the date element.
  • For very long URLs that will not fit the character limit of the asset record, use the home page of the website for the visible URL string. This is permissible in our Harvard Guidelines. The linkable part of the asset, however, should always go to the direct item.
  • When linking to an online PDF, link to a landing page for the item where possible. If the landing page has multiple documents that may confuse a student, link direct to the PDF.
  • Readings that are available online or in subscription databases should be linked to, not copied and uploaded to the Learning Bank (LB).

Use the following instructions:

 

Before you create a Harvard Reference Asset in LibGuides

  • Check if an asset already exists
  • Reuse an asset if it is in the same referencing style
  • Reusing/copying an asset to modify it
  • Updating assets - housekeeping

See full instructions below.

Harvard Assets with Reading Instructions - Books

The examples below are for references where the academic has provided instructions to students on chapters or pages to read which are not a normal part of the reference. Therefore they are added in brackets or listed below the reference.

Option 1 - Adding book chapters in brackets
Option 2 - Page range 

Use page numbers only if the readings does not cover the full chapter or if there is no chapter name or chapter number. This is example of a book with no author.

Option 3 - Chapters listed below

In order to reuse the chapter link assets, it is recommended to add the book reference to description and select Hide description in the link asset. Chapters may be linked to scans in Learning Bank, subject to copyright.

Harvard Assets with Instructions - eBooks

The examples below are for references where the academic has provided instructions to students on chapters or pages to read which are not a normal part of the reference. 

** If eBook and hardcopy book are available on the library catalogue – use only the direct eBook permalink and provide an eBook Harvard reference in the Readings section of the LibGuide.


Option 1 - Single eBook chapter (Added in brackets after the reference)

Examples include permalink (Deep link) to chapter.

Please note: in TAFE NSW Harvard referencing a DOI trumps a URL or database name. However, the link used to the link the title can be a deep link or URL to the chapter.

Option 2 - Page range  (Added in brackets after the reference)

Use page numbers only if the readings does not cover the full chapter or if there is no chapter name or chapter number.

 

Listing individual chapters under eBook reference

Option 3 - Single eBook chapter (Chapter link added below)

This option can be applied if the book is used throughout the course and you want to reuse the eBook reference assets.
The eBook reference includes permalink (Deep link) to the eBook. The chapter is linked to the chapter. If you wish to reuse the chapter link assets, it is recommended to add the book reference to description and select Hide description in the link asset.

Option 4 - Multiple chapters, sections or page ranges listed below

The eBook reference includes a permalink (Deep link) to the eBook. The reading instructions are deep-linked to the chapters, sections and page ranges.
If you wish to reuse the individual reading instruction link assets, it is recommended to add the book reference to description and select Hide description in the link asset.

Note: Full chapters use number and name (if available), but no page numbers.  Named sections include a page range.

Option 4 - Multiple chapters in an edited book

The following example is from an edited book listing multiple chapters below. Alternatively, and preferably you can create a chapter reference for each chapter - See Harvard assets - eBook/book chapters (Edited book).

The reading instructions include the separate author, chapter details and the page range, as all three elements are required to create a reference for a chapter in an edited book.

Harvard Assets - eBook/Book Chapters (Edited Book)

Harvard Assets - book chapters, essays or articles in an edited book or anthology

Book chapter (update example)
eBook chapter (update example)
eBook chapter with DOI
Article from an encyclopedia 

LibGuide Asset Examples - What Goes Where?

Example with authors

Link name: Mahbobi, M & Tiemann, TK 2015, <em>Introductory business statistics with interactive spreadsheets</em>,

Link address: Use the direct link URL to chapter - https://opentextbc.ca/introductorybusinessstatistics/chapter/the-normal-and-t-distributions-2/

Link description: eBook, viewed 7 September 2021, &lt;https://opentextbc.ca/introductorybusinessstatistics/&gt;. (Chapter 2 The normal and t-distributions)

Final Libguide asset:

Example without author/s

Link name: <i>Prepare an effective oral presentation</i> 2019,

Link address: Use the direct link URL to chapter - https://davenport.libguides.com/papers

Link description: Davenport University Libraries, viewed 9 November 2020, &lt;https://davenport.libguides.com/papers&gt;.

Final Libguide asset:

Harvard Assets - Articles from Databases or Websites

Article from database
Article from a website
Article with DOI 
Article from Wikipedia 

Treat as a wiki article.

Article from a Wiki

Harvard Assets - Scanned Articles and Book Chapters Via Learning Bank (LB)

Readings that are available online or in subscription databases should be linked to, not copied and uploaded to the Learning Bank.

All links to the Learning Bank are at resource level, not to the record. Students cannot access content from a record.

Care should be taken that where content does not have permission and is above the 10% copyright rule, it is not used in the readings available to the cohort. If so, link only to content up to 10%. Other content is listed, but not linked.

July 2024 Please contact the S&SG FIT Lead to upload scans to the Learning Bank.

Harvard Assets - Webpages, Web Reports, PDF Documents and Blog Posts

Webpage

Website example with no author

Web report
Weblog post
PDF Documents

Harvard Assets - DVDs, Videos and Podcasts

DVD
eVideo
Online video e.g. YouTube

Where a YouTube video title contains pipes, replace with a colon.

Audio podcast

Audio podcast episode (Stand alone podcast website example)

Audio podcast episode (Separately titled podcast series and platform example)

Audio podcast - named episode but no individually named podcast
Single audio file or, a series of podcasts with no distinct group podcast name, listed on a larger website

Video podcast

When Not to Create a Reference

Periodicals

You can only create a reference for an article not for a whole journal or a newspaper. Provide the linked periodical title e.g.

Websites and blogs

Only provide the linked name for whole websites and whole blogs.

Whole podcasts

Like whole websites, these should be listed, not referenced. They can have hover over descriptions for any required information.

Dictionary entries (Definitions)

Dictionary entries of definitions are not referenced but details are needed to create an intext reference. Add details to the Hover over description (See below).

Please note that articles from dictionaries are referenced e.g.

Formatting Tags for References in LibGuides

Italics

You can use 

<i> starting tag and </i> ending tag

<i> </i>

or

<em> starting tag and </em> ending tag

<em> </em>

Angle brackets

&lt; use for < at the beginning of a web address

&gt; use for > at the end of a web address

&lt; &gt;

They also work without the semicolon.

Database Names for Referencing

Use database names as displayed at the A-Z eResources. Exception is not to include the abbreviation or acronym in brackets.

Selected databases:

Liaison With the Academics About Harvard Style

Advice for readings where the academic has provided instructions to students on chapters or pages to read which are not a normal part of the reference.

Harvard References - FAQs

  

For Harvard references, insert the colon directly after the title without space e.g. Management: a comprehensive approach

  

  • For online recources that can be viewed, use the following format: viewed 9 November 2020
  • For audio resources such as audio podcasts use this format: accessed 1 December 2019

  

Use the first place of publication only for a book. eBooks do not have a place of publication.

  

Use the reference type for the location where you sourced the item and for where you are providing the link. For instance if an article appears in both print, on a database and on the Harvard Review webpage, and you are including the link to the webpage, it should be referenced as a webpage.