Personal communication (email, conversation etc)
For Email and other private, unpublished information, you do not list the item in your Reference list / Bibliography.
- Get permission from the person who created the email or letter, etc.
- Refer to it in the text of the article. As you refer to the item, tell the reader what sort of personal communication it was: email, letter, conversation, etc.
- Do not list it in the References at the end of your assignment.
Examples:
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In-text referencing examples
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Bibliography/ Reference list examples
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In an email dated 6 May 2011, Ms C Jones confirmed that
OR
It was confirmed recently via email that the crime was committed during daylight hours (C Jones 2011, personal communication, 6 May).
Make reference to the type of communication in the text:
During a phone interview conducted on 11 October 2011, Professor Sally Richards stated that...
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Obtain the permission of the person being referred to
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Initials of the person precede the surname
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Consider indicating the role of the person being cited and their organisation
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Information obtained by conversation, letter, interview, private social media posts or email, without supporting data is cited in the text only, NOT in the reference list
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